Any manner in which a debtor disposes of or disposes of his assets. A debt that should have been included by the debtor in the lists submitted to the court, but was not. (Depending on the circumstances, an unexpected debt may or may not be settled.) A district court bailiff who conducts initial proceedings in criminal cases, decides criminal cases, conducts numerous preliminary civil and criminal cases on behalf of district judges, and decides civil cases with the consent of the parties. Latin, which means “of one`s own will”. Often designates a court acting in a case without either party asking for it. Payment of a debt to a creditor within 90 days prior to a debtor`s bankruptcy filing (or within one year if the creditor was an insider) that gives the creditor more than the creditor would receive in the case of the debtor under Chapter 7. A special condition imposed by the court requires a person to work – without pay – for a civil or non-profit organization. The Court of Appeal agrees with the lower court`s decision and upholds it. See affirmative.

A fraudulent transfer of a debtor`s assets or for which the debtor receives less than the value of the transferred assets. An allegation in an indictment or information accusing an accused of a crime. An indictment or denunciation may contain allegations that the defendant committed more than one crime. Each charge is called an indictment. The words command and law can be used in similar contexts, but commandment usually suggests something deliberative rather than mandatory, usually communicated through teaching. A trial without a jury, in which the judge serves as an investigator. Accusing someone of a crime. A prosecutor hears a criminal case on behalf of the government A written statement from the judge about the court`s decision. Since a case may be heard by three or more judges of the Court of Appeal, opinion may take various forms in appeal decisions. If all the judges agree fully on the outcome, one judge writes the opinion for all. If not all judges agree, the formal decision is based on the opinion of the majority, and a member of the majority will write the opinion.

Judges who disagreed with the majority may formulate separate dissenting or concurring opinions to express their views. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority opinion because of the reasoning and/or legal principles used by the majority to decide the case. A concurring opinion agrees with the majority opinion`s decision, but offers further comments or clarifications, or even a completely different reason for reaching the same conclusion. Only the majority opinion can serve as a binding precedent in future cases. See also previous. The chapter of the Insolvency Code dealing with cross-border insolvency cases. A bailiff of the United States District Court who is the competent judicial officer in federal bankruptcy cases. A proceeding brought by a single party before the court, without the other party having notified or contested it. A court decision in a previous case with facts and points of law similar to a dispute currently pending in court.

Judges generally “follow precedents,” that is, they use principles established in previous cases to decide new cases that have similar facts and raise similar legal issues. A judge will disregard precedents if a party can prove that the previous case was ill-decided or that it differs significantly from the current case. A legal procedure to deal with the debt problems of individuals and companies; in particular, a case filed under one of the chapters of title 11 of the United States Code. Written statements submitted to the court outlining a party`s legal or factual allegations about the case. Lists submitted by the debtor with the application (or shortly thereafter) containing the debtor`s assets, liabilities and other financial information. (There are formal forms that a debtor must use.) A penalty or other type of enforcement used to ensure compliance with the law or rules and regulations. An invalid test caused by a fundamental error. If a failure is found, the procedure must begin with the selection of a new jury. The sale of a debtor`s assets with the proceeds used for the benefit of creditors. A bankruptcy case filed either without a timetable or with incomplete schedules listing few creditors and debts. (Face slides are often filed to delay deportation or foreclosure, as provided for in the Criminal Justice Act, an organization formed in a Federal Court county to represent criminal defendants who cannot afford an adequate defense. Each organization is overseen by a federal defense attorney appointed by the county Court of Appeals.

A claim that arises in or in connection with insolvency proceedings and begins with the filing of a complaint with the court, i.e. a “proceeding” that takes place in the context of insolvency proceedings. A person or company that files a formal complaint with the court. The function of the federal courts that takes place at the beginning of criminal proceedings – after a person has been arrested and charged with a federal crime and before they appear in court. Pre-Investigation Service officials are focusing on investigating the background of these individuals in order to assist the court in deciding whether to release or detain them pending trial. The decision is based on the likelihood that these individuals will flee or pose a threat to the community. If the court orders release, a pre-trial officer supervises the person in the community until the person returns to court. Transfer of a debtor`s assets with the debtor`s consent. The time limit within which a prosecution must be instituted or a prosecution initiated.

The time limit may vary depending on the nature of the civil proceedings or the criminal offence charged. The parties to a dispute settle their dispute without judicial proceedings. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party to satisfy at least part of the other party`s claims, but generally do not include an admission of fault. The exemption of a debtor from personal liability for certain excusable debts. Notable exceptions to excusability include taxes and student loans. Debt relief relieves a debtor of personal liability for certain debts, called excusable debts, and prevents creditors who owe those debts from taking action against the debtor or the debtor`s assets to collect the debts. Debt relief also prohibits creditors from communicating with the debtor about the debt, including through telephone calls, letters and personal contacts. The words rule and law are synonymous, but differ in nuance. In particular, the rule applies to more limited or specific situations. A civil injustice, not a criminal one. A negligent or intentional breach of person or property, other than breach of contract. An official of the judiciary who has the power to adjudicate complaints before the courts.

The term commonly used judge can also refer to all bailiffs, including Supreme Court judges. A declaration by a debtor under Chapter 7 regarding plans for dealing with consumer debts secured by estate assets. Non-insolvency proceedings in which an applicant or creditor attempts to submit its claim to a debtor`s future wages. In other words, the creditor requests that part of the debtor`s future salary be paid to him for a debt owed to him. The Sentencing Reform Act 1984 abolished probation in favour of a particular penal system, in which the level of punishment is determined by penal directives. Now, without the possibility of parole, the court-imposed jail sentence is the actual time the person spends in prison. The chapter of the Bankruptcy Act that provides for the adjustment of the debts of a person with a regular income is often referred to as the “employees” plan. Chapter 13 allows a debtor to keep their assets and use their disposable income to pay off debts over time, usually three to five years.